September 5, 2025PolymersOpen Access

Three-Dimensional Printing and Bioprinting Strategies for Cardiovascular Constructs: From Printing Inks to Vascularization

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Extrusion-based bioprinting shows promise for high-cell-density bioinks, creating viable cardiovascular constructs.
Bioinks derived from natural and synthetic materials help replicate extracellular environments and support cell viability.
Advanced modalities like droplet bioprinting and melt electrowriting improve the fabrication of complex cardiovascular structures.
Optimization of bioink formulations and printing techniques enhances the functional maturation of engineered tissues.

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Review demonstrates how bioinks enable vascularization and enhances cardiovascular tissue engineering applications.

Kim et al. (2025) studied this question.

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