August 17, 2025ReligionsOpen Access

Sultans, Merchants, and the Issue of Islamic Patronage on the Kazakh Steppe (1820s–1850s)

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The rise of Muslim patrons during the 19th century fostered significant development in mosques and madrasas.
Key figures like Qunanbay Oskenbay-ughli financed Islamic institutions amid tsarist restrictions.
Archival records highlight the complex interactions between Islamic scholars and political leaders.
This research indicates that tsarist policies, while restrictive, paradoxically supported Muslim benefactors' power.

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This article shows the influence of Muslim patrons on religious institutions in the Kazakh steppe, suggesting a shift in historical narratives.

Nurlan Kabdylkhak (2025) studied this question.

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This article shows the influence of Muslim patrons on religious institutions in the Kazakh steppe, suggesting a shift in historical narratives.