Assessing the Environmental and Socioeconomic Impacts of Mangrove Loss in Indonesia: A Synthesis for Science-Based Policy

Mangrove ecosystems in Indonesia are facing tremendous threats from anthropogenic activities. The degradation and depletion of mangroves in Indonesia are driven by the rising demand for commodities, including shrimp, rice, palm oil, and other cash crops. These activities ultimately result in negative environmental impacts on mangrove forests, adjacent ecosystems, and the livelihoods of coastal communities. Reliable and accurate information on the losses from mangrove ecosystems is critical to achieving Indonesia's national climate and blue economy targets. Here, we analyze the effects of human activities on the vulnerability of mangrove forests in Indonesia, addressing the potential loss of blue carbon and other environmental services. We conduct literature review from publications in major bibliographic databases and academic search engines. From this study we found that the impacts of mangrove loss are detrimental to the environment, social and economy. To halt further loss, there is a need for a comprehensive system of mangrove conservation and restoration in Indonesia that could improve local communities' livelihood. At the national level, Indonesia will need to reform its policies in coastal and marine management, improve information systems, and enable new funding and coordination. Science-based policies and management would lay the groundwork for a sustainable framework for mangrove management and consequently enhance blue carbon governance at the national level.