Modified Chemical Bath Deposition of Tin Oxide for All‐Scalable Perovskite Solar Modules

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Chemical bath deposition improved power conversion efficiency to 24.5% in perovskite solar cells, indicating better uniformity and stability.

Power conversion efficiency reached 24.5% for cells when using modified tin oxide films, ensuring reliable performance.
Using lead hydroxide as a modulator led to a significant reduction of premature tin oxide precipitation, enhancing film quality.
Chemical bath deposition was optimized to create smoother SnO x films for better solar module performance under real conditions.
Study highlights the scalable methods enabling better long-term stability, maintaining over 84% efficiency after 1000 hours at elevated temperatures.

Awais et al. (2025) studied this question.

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Chemical bath deposition improved power conversion efficiency to 24.5% in perovskite solar cells, indicating better uniformity and stability.