Application of CRISPR-Cas9 technology in farm animals: A comprehensive review

Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats (CRISPR) - Cas9 technology has transformed genetic engineering, particularly in the domain of farm animal production, offering precise and efficient genome editing capabilities. This comprehensive review article discusses in details about the diverse CRISPR-Cas9 applications in livestock, highlighting its potential to enhance disease resistance, improve reproductive health, and increase productivity. Major advancements include the development of pigs resistant to Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus (PRRSV) by targeted modifications of the CD163 gene, which reduces the need for antibiotics and vaccines. In poultry, CRISPR has facilitated the creation of chickens resistant to avian influenza, demonstrating its effectiveness in controlling infectious diseases. Additionally, technology permits the introduction of desirable traits, like hornless characteristics in cattle, thereby eliminating the necessity for painful dehorning procedures. Despite these promising applications, the utilization of CRISPR-Cas9 brings forth significant ethical issues regarding biodiversity, animal welfare, and the lasting impacts of genetic alterations. Technical challenges, encompassing the possibility of unintended effects and the need for efficient delivery mechanisms, must also be addressed to ensure the safe application of this technology. As research in genome editing for farm animals progresses, it is essential to balance scientific innovation with ethical considerations and regulatory frameworks. This review insights the importance of ongoing studies to optimize CRISPR-Cas technology. Effective integration of CRISPR-Cas9 in livestock breeding significantly enhances animal health status, food security, and contributes to sustainable agricultural production, addressing the increasing global demand for food while minimizing environmental impacts. The review article with updated information, will help the researchers working in this area to design their future research work efficiently.