Nutritional deficiencies and immune function among women of Punjab: A cross-sectional study

Background: Nutritional deficiencies are a significant public health concern, particularly among the women of reproductive age. These deficiencies not only affect general health but also compromise immune function, making individuals more susceptible to infections. This study was conducted to evaluate the profile of nutritional deficiencies and their impact on immune function among women in Punjab, India. Objectives: To determine the prevalence of specific micronutrient deficiencies and analyze their association with immune markers in women aged 18–45 years. Methodology: A cross-sectional study was conducted among 500 women in Punjab. Biochemical assessments were performed to detect anemia, Vitamin D, Vitamin B12, and zinc deficiencies. Immune function was evaluated using total leukocyte count, lymphocyte count, and serum Immunoglobulin G (IgG) levels. Dietary intake was assessed through 24-h dietary recall and food frequency questionnaires. Results: The prevalence of deficiencies was as follows; anemia (45%), Vitamin D deficiency (62%), Vitamin B12 deficiency (36%), and zinc deficiency (30%). Participants with these deficiencies had significantly lower immune markers, including total leukocytes, lymphocytes, and serum IgG, compared to nondeficient individuals (P < 0.05). Dietary assessments revealed low intake of essential micronutrients due to inadequate dietary diversity and sociocultural barriers. Conclusion: The study reveals a high burden of nutritional deficiencies among women in Punjab, which is significantly associated with impaired immune function. These findings highlight the need for immediate public health interventions, such as micronutrient supplementation, food fortification, and nutrition education, to improve women’s nutritional status and immune resilience.