August 22, 2025SensorsOpen Access

Composite Vulnerabilities and Hybrid Threats for Smart Sensors and Field Busses in Building Automation: A Review

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Significant threats arise from increased interconnectivity and undefined responsibilities in building automation systems, resulting in vulnerabilities.
Smart sensors and actuators deployed in unsecured areas amplify the attack surface, making systems more vulnerable to hybrid threats.
This systematic review highlights the lack of literature on real-world asymmetric threats affecting building automation security.
Transferable solutions from adjacent fields could enhance security models and enable faster analysis of potential attacks in building automation.

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Systematic review reveals increased attack surface due to smart sensors in building automation, indicating urgent security needs.

Gerhalter et al. (2025) studied this question.

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