Urban Landscape Design in Morocco: Climate, Culture, and Policy Impacts

Urban landscape design in Moroccan cities exemplifies the complex challenges posed by the intersection of diverse climatic conditions-spanning Mediterranean, desert, and semi-arid zones-and deeply rooted cultural practices. These geographic and cultural factors significantly shape how residents interact with public spaces, particularly in regions affected by extreme temperatures, high humidity, and seasonal variations. Despite the critical importance of outdoor spaces for social interaction and well-being, residents face persistent barriers to outdoor engagement. These include insufficient shaded areas, poorly maintained pedestrian pathways, and limited access to functional and aesthetically pleasing green spaces. The absence of water elements, such as fountains, artificial lakes, or sustainable cooling features, further compounds the discomfort experienced in urban environments, particularly during the hot season. Survey data collected across Moroccan cities sheds light on public preferences and priorities, revealing a strong demand for shaded walkways, climate-responsive designs, and accessible green infrastructure that fosters year-round outdoor activities. Residents emphasized the aesthetic and functional benefits of water-efficient features and well-maintained pedestrian pathways, highlighting their potential to transform urban spaces into inclusive and enjoyable environments. However, the effectiveness of these spaces is further undermined by policies such as Daylight-Saving Time, which misalign with local cultural rhythms and climatic realities, reducing opportunities for outdoor activities during optimal hours and exacerbating public dissatisfaction. This article draws on survey insights to analyze the interplay between environmental, cultural, and policy-related factors that influence the usability of urban public spaces in Moroccan cities. It identifies critical areas for improvement and offers actionable recommendations to address these challenges. Proposed strategies include the strategic placement of shading structures, the integration of innovative water features that prioritize sustainability, and the development of climate-responsive green infrastructure tailored to local conditions. By aligning urban planning efforts with Morocco’s unique climatic zones and cultural practices, cities can create vibrant, functional, and inclusive environments that enhance community well-being, support outdoor engagement, and promote sustainable urban development in the face of climate change.