August 16, 2025EnergiesOpen Access

Environmental and Economic Optimisation of Single-Family Buildings Thermomodernisation

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The most effective scenarios for energy savings utilized brine-to-water or air-to-water heat pumps alongside photovoltaic systems, reaching 43.5 kWh/m2year.
Biomass boilers combined with solar collectors achieved a renewable energy share of 99.2%, though they offered lower primary energy reductions.
Energy performance certification methods were employed to evaluate 24 variants of thermal modernisation involving various heat sources and insulation levels.
The findings underscore the need for balancing ecological benefits, energy efficiency, and costs in sustainable heat system decisions.

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Evaluation reveals that heat pumps improve energy efficiency in homes, highlighting trade-offs with investment costs.

Sowiżdżał et al. (2025) studied this question.

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