Kenya’s Hybrid Warfare Threats and National Security Infrastructure

Hybrid warfare, which encompasses cyberattacks, physical sabotage, and disinformation, poses escalating threats to Kenya’s critical infrastructure, including undersea cables, energy pipelines, and digital networks. This study assesses Kenya’s preparedness through a qualitative analysis of national policy frameworks. Key findings highlight significant gaps in interagency coordination, resource allocation, and regional cooperation. Guided by systems theory and informed by international comparative models, this study proposes an integrated strategy that emphasises enhanced surveillance, robust public-private partnerships, and alignment with continental agreements. The proposed measures aim to strengthen Kenya’s resilience to hybrid threats while contributing to broader discussions on infrastructure security in developing economies.