August 18, 2025MathematicsOpen Access

A Synchronized Optimization Method of Frequency Setting, Timetabling, and Train Circulation Planning for URT Networks with Overlapping Lines: A Case Study of the Addis Ababa Light Rail Transit Service

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The proposed method reduces passenger waiting time and operational costs in urban rail transit systems.
Using a bi-objective integer nonlinear programming model, the study optimizes planning layers simultaneously.
The multi-objective particle swarm optimization algorithm developed offers adaptive solutions for train scheduling.
This integrated framework supports transit planning and decision-making, enhancing overall operational performance.

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This research demonstrates improved train scheduling and resource allocation in urban rail transit, indicating effective operational planning.

Zhou et al. (2025) studied this question.

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This research demonstrates improved train scheduling and resource allocation in urban rail transit, indicating effective operational planning.