A Literature Review on Strategic, Tactical, and Operational Perspectives in EV Charging Station Planning and Scheduling

Before the onset of global warming concerns, the idea of manufacturing electric vehicles on a large scale was not widely considered. However, electric vehicles offer several advantages that have garnered attention. They are environmentally friendly, with simpler drive systems compared to traditional fossil fuel vehicles. Additionally, electric vehicles are highly efficient, with an efficiency of around 90%, in contrast to fossil fuel vehicles, which have an efficiency of about 30% to 35%. The higher energy efficiency of electric vehicles contributes to lower operational costs, which, alongside regulatory incentives and shifting consumer preferences, has increased their strategic importance for many vehicle manufacturers. In this paper, we present a thematic literature review on electric vehicles charging station location planning and scheduling. A systematic literature review across various data sources in the area yielded ninety five research papers for the final review. The research results were analyzed thematically, and three key directions were identified, namely charging station deployment and placement, optimal allocation and scheduling of EV parking lots, and V2G and smart charging systems as the top three themes. Each theme was further investigated to identify key topics, ongoing works, and future trends. It has been found that optimization methods followed by simulation and multi-criteria decision-making are most commonly used for EV infrastructure planning. A multistakeholder perspective is often adopted in these decisions to minimize costs and address the range anxiety of users. The future trend is towards the integration of renewable energy in smart grids, uncertainty modeling of user demand, and use of artificial intelligence for service quality improvement.