The 3D theory of osseointegration: material, topography, and time as interdependent determinants of bone–implant integration

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This review demonstrates how material, surface topography, and time influence osseointegration in dental implants, suggesting new design approaches.

Osseointegration is influenced by material composition, surface roughness, and time, establishing a 3D Theory of Osseointegration.
Biocompatible materials like titanium are vital for enhancing implant integration and preventing failure.
Time affects the physicochemical properties of implants, with aging reducing hydrophilicity and osteoconductivity.
Recent advancements like UV photofunctionalization can reverse surface degradation, improving bioactivity and integration outcomes.

Ogawa et al. (2025) studied this question.

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This review demonstrates how material, surface topography, and time influence osseointegration in dental implants, suggesting new design approaches.