New horizons in microbial fuel cell technology: applications, challenges, and prospects

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This review reveals the potential of microbial fuel cells for energy generation from biomass, indicating key challenges to overcome.

MFCs convert biomass and organic waste into electricity, highlighting a sustainable alternative to fossil fuels.
Innovations in nanotechnology enhance MFC performance by improving electron transfer and optimizing electrode materials.
Key components include anodes, cathodes, and proton exchange membranes, crucial for efficient energy conversion.
Despite challenges like low power output and biofouling, strategies involving nanomaterials and engineered microbes can enhance commercial viability.

Dakal et al. (2025) studied this question.

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